Smith-Mundt Act (1948)



Karl E. Mundt; a key proponent of the Voice of America, which was established as a result of the Smith-Mundt Act


I really wish I could have made this blog post more interesting; but after all, it is the Smith-Mundt act. Nonetheless, I enjoyed learning about it so hopefully some of this can be enjoyable for you as well.

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The Smith-Mundt Act, also known as The US Information and Educational Exchange Act of 1948, enabled government information information services to disseminate abroad information about the United States, its people, and policies promulgated by government officials concerning matters affecting foreign affairs.  The purpose of this act was to promote a better understanding of the United States among the peoples of the world and to strengthen cooperative international relations.

Essentially, this means exactly what it says. The the US Government, under the Smith-Mundt Act, is permitted to prorogate messages, which it finds appropriate or necessary, to other nations.; nonetheless, with the primary intention of shining a positive light on America to foreign populations. All in all, the Smith-Mundt Act can be thought of as Public Relations for the United States at best, advertising at the least, and propaganda at it's worst; especially once we look at the implications of the 2012 Modernization of the Smith-Mundt Act.

Now a days, the primary way this communication is carried out is through broadcasted television shows, although communication many also happen with foreign audiences through the use of books, magazines, educational, cultural, and technical exchanges, face to face contacts, ext. as well.  The reach of the content covered by these various mediums and networks no longer focus solely on US government policies shifting to other important content such as human rights abuses' around the world, coronavirus updates, and general world news.

A list of the US Agency of Global Media's Foreign Broadcast Networks


The origins of the Smith-Mundt Act are fascinating. "In an effort to consolidate wartime propaganda efforts, President Franklin Roosevelt formed the Office of War Information (OWI) in 1942 by executive order. The mission of the OWI was to counter Axis propaganda and to provide information programs designed to facilitate the intelligent understanding of the war policies, activities, and aims of the government" (northwestern.edu).  During WWII, there were even pro-American Hollywood films which disguised Pro-American proprogranda in the entertaining medium of a motion picture. However, once the war waned down, there wasn't as much of a need for domestic proprogranda. However, in October of 1945 not long after the end of the War, there was the consideration of creating a permanent government broadcasting agency.  A few years passed and a few bills failed. but Rep. Mundt was able to make a successful case for what is now the US Information and Educational Exchange Act of 1948 stating that a bill needs to be designed which "give legislative authority for our Voice of America short-wave program and also set up a broad over-all program to tell the truth about America in the areas of the world where we are today being misinterpreted abroad by the voices coming from the Moscow headquarters of Red fascism"(northwestern.edu). The Bill was hotly but was signed into law by President Harry Truman in early 1948.



The Modernization of the Smith-Mundt act was passed in 2012. The main implication of the modernization was that it allowed materials produced under the Smith-Mundt act to be disseminated within the United States of America. To clarify, this does not change the intention or the target audience of the media produced under this act, rather, it simply gives US citizens the rights to the content produced, aftercall, the US tax dollar of citizens are funding this project to begin with.

For many this is a dangerous thing.  According to a petition started on Change.org, a user writes that this law "gives the United States government full legal power to propagandize its own citizens. This should not be tolerated.  It calls into question any, and all news reports, news articles, commercials, motion pictures, staged events reported as real news" (Change.org) see screenshot below.

However, I believe that the aforementioned comment would be a vast overstatement; I do not believe that the modernization of the Smith-Mundt will lead to a propagandization of the US citizens as it is now.  Simply making the content available to US citizens, upon request, is not exact proprogranda. If anything, I believe it's greater transparency about government spending.  However, that is how things are now. I believe the concerning part is that things could potentially take a turn in the wrong direction.

A published article by Weston R. Sager concludes that "The 2013 Amendment now allows the State Department and the BBG to better combat domestic terrorism, and also promotes greater government transparency. However, the 2013 Amendment creates new problems. Now, there is little preventing the State Department and the BBG from widely disseminating unattributed government-produced programming within the United States".  Fortunately, however, Sager concludes that at this point in time, there is little to not evidence that "the State Department and the BBG have any desire to “propagandize” the American people. But the best rules are ones that are enacted before they are needed", and advocates for legislation to curb the potential for government proprogranda.



Nonetheless, there are a fair share of examples to point to the contrary of the conclusion states above. As social media becomes even more prevalent and impact on the lives of all people around the world, there had been numerous  allegations of US Agency of Global Media (USAGM) Facebook ads targeting Americans.


Sources:

https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1203&context=nulr

https://www.change.org/p/donald-j-trump-repeal-the-smith-mundt-modernization-on-act-of-2012

Image Sources:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Rep._Karl_Mundt%2C_Repub.%2C_of_S.D.%2C_2-21-40_LCCN2016877155_%28cropped%29.jpg/1200px-Rep._Karl_Mundt%2C_Repub.%2C_of_S.D.%2C_2-21-40_LCCN2016877155_%28cropped%29.jpg

https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EJoKB-qXsAASQSv.jpg

https://qph.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-fd0ac8ae6b6cd466ee0175393ea78129

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